tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27787260279558187572024-02-08T05:07:40.466-08:00Acknowledging EusebiusJonathan McCormickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14972224511904603280noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2778726027955818757.post-38849314438617278922015-09-14T18:28:00.001-07:002016-02-12T09:12:07.600-08:00Introduction to Donatism<h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Jesus' ecclesiology is deceptively simple. Jesus uses the
word "</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ἐκκλησία</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">" twice in
the Gospel of Matthew. With the exception of the visions in the Book of
Revelation, Jesus was never recorded to speak of the church other than in these
two places. Matthew 16:18 says "But I also say that you are Peter, and
upon this rock I will build a church of my own and the gates of Hades will not
overpower it.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="font-weight: normal;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">"
Matthew 18:17 says, "Now if he should ignore them this time, tell the
church. But if he should ignore the church this time, he is to be to you like a
gentile or a tax collector." From these passages, it appears that Jesus
believed he would establish a single church made up of holy people.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Every group of Christians wants in some way to be part of
the church Jesus built. No Christian will admit to wanting meaningless division
between Christians. Few Christians would claim that Christians can and should
be immoral. Unity of the church implies historical continuity if the church was
established by Jesus during this life or after the resurrection. J. M. Carroll said, "I was converted
unto God when I was just a boy. I saw many denominations and wondered which was
the church the Lord Jesus founded." Carroll traced Baptists through
history using persecution to the Donatists in North Africa. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Carroll brings a good question about the legitimacy of the
church. He said that two fundamental doctrines of the church are "Its
members. Believers only, they saved by grace, not works through the regenerating
power of the Holy Spirit… [and] Absolute Religious liberty for all. Though the
need to connect any group of Christians with the early church is an important
endeavor for Christian identity, and anti-Donatist interpretations of Scripture
seem harsh, to see Donatist as North African proto-Baptists does not do justice
to the historical context of the Donatists. The Donatist Controversy may be
seen as four intersecting conflicts revolving around early Western Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Donatism was a North African religious movement.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Donatism
was a conflict revolving around the acceptance of those who gave up the
Scriptures or sacrificed to the emperor. These were called <i>traditors</i> or
betrayers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Specifically,
Donatus of Casae Nigrae opposed the ordination of Caecilian of Carthage by Felix
of Aptunga. Felix of Aptunga was a <i>traditor</i>. Thomas Oden said
"Africa was the scene of the worst excesses of the Valerian persecution
that beheaded Cyprian in Carthage in A.D. 257, and the Diocletian persecution
of A.D. 303-305 that beheaded Peter of Alexandria."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
persecution under Diocletian was done by Roman edicts and officials, therefore
Donatism had its primary conflict with Christians connected with the Church of
Rome. The conflict began after a council was convened to determine the
legitimacy of Caecilian's ordination. This session included fifteen men: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">"Miltiades the Bishop of the city of Rome;
Maternus, Reticius and Marinus, the
Gaulish Bishops; Merocles from Milan; Florianus from Siena, Zoticus from
Quintianum, Stennius from Rimini, Felix from Tuscan Florence, Gaudentius from
Pisa, Constantius from Faventia, Proterius from Capua, Theophilus from
Beneventum, Sabinus from Tarracina, Secundus from Praeneste, Felix from Tres
Tabernae, Maximus from Ostia, Evandrus from Ursinum and Donatianus from Forum
Claudii."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">According to Edwards, none of these bishops are Africans but
are all European.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Since "Donatus thought it proper to appeal [to the Emperor],"<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> it
appears that Donatus was not merely upset that the council ruled against his
position. I believe that Donatus thought
that the council was prejudiced against his position. This requires some
examination of the political context.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Rome encountered Carthage, a Phoenician colony which had
achieved prominence in North Africa. From 264 to 146 B.C., Rome fought a series
of three wars with Carthage taking control over the eastern Mediterranean
region.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="line-height: 200%;">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a>
Rome established colonies in North Africa to protect the interests of the
empire. W. H. C. Frend points out one city, "Hippo Regius … is blocked by rapids.
The coastal settlements… were sited for defense and not for the purpose of
trading with the interior."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These military stations did not seem to be in the interest of the people of northern
Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Because of the perceived imperialism and
regulation of worship, a certain group called <i>Circumcellions</i> with
affinity to the Donatists had a series of uprisings against the Roman
government. The <i>Circumcellions</i> were called such because "they lived
'around the shrines' whence they got their food."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Maureen Tilley describes them as "religiously
conservative migrant agricultural laborers who were usually, though not always
Donatist supporters."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It seems to be that one of the commonalities between the <i>Circumcellions</i>
and the Donatist is the martyr cult.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">St. Monica, Augustine's mother and an African,
is generally received in a positive light in the <i>Confessions</i>. Yet, at
one point she seems to be presented in a less than favorable light. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">"And so, when she brought gruel, bread, and wine to
the shrines of the saints, as she had been accustomed to do in Africa, she was
stopped by the doorkeeper. When she learned that the bishop had forbidden this,
she accepted it so reverently and obediently that I myself was amazed at how
easily she became an incriminator of her own custom, rather than an adjudicator
of this prohibition."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The bishop here is Ambrose, as seen at the end
of chapter 1, who is a Roman. This statement in the <i>Confessions</i> is
clearly a condemnation of North African worship and a call to submission to the
Catholic Church and her bishops. In light of this, the Donatist controversy
includes a geopolitical and racial controversy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Another aspect of the Donatist controversy is the reality of
economic conflict between poor, predominantly rural, African Donatists and
middle-class to rich, predominantly urban, Roman Catholics. Whenever a country
is colonized, the country colonizing tends to get more wealth from the colonies
than is spent maintaining the colonies. The wealthy tend to avoid financial
sacrifice, if it can be passed on to those who are poorer. Though the Catholic
Church did not seek to financially oppress the poor, the economic aspect of the
Donatist controversy may not be ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">As previously stated, the Donatists had an alliance with the
<i>Circumcellions</i> who
were rural poor. Part of what inflamed the <i>Circumcellions</i> was excessive
taxation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Because of the connection between the church and the state, Rome was inclined
to assist the Catholic Church. This enflamed <i>Circumcellion</i> rebellion to
take Roman property for the Donatists. John Corcoran said, "In 321 at
Cerita a power center for Donatist interests the Emperor Constantine built a
basilica for the Catholics the Donatists simply took possession of it when it
was completed."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Buildings
and land are a significant investment of funds. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Though the Donatists became known for their
connection with violent groups, which may have led to the decline of Donatism,
Rogatists separated from the Donatists because of the abuses of the <i>Circumcellions</i>.
The Rogatists, led by Rogatus Bishop of Cartenna, opposed the use of force and
the excesses of the <i>Circumcellions</i>. The Rogatists lasted until 420 CE.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Economic and racial issues magnified the conflict, and can be legitimate ways
of understanding the Donatist controversy. These two practical and social
controversies increased the division between Donatists and Catholics in matters
of doctrine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The central figure leading to the ecclesiastical crisis
between Donatist and Catholic churches in North Africa was not Caecilian. If
Caecilian had not been opposed by Donatus, someone would have asked the same
questions over the nature of the church. Both Donatists and Catholics claim St.
Cyprian as an intellectual and spiritual father. Cyprian wrote, "This
unity we ought to hold and preserve, especially we who preside in the church as
bishops, that we may prove the episcopate itself to be one and undivided."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Yet in the same work Cyprian argued, "To this one Church the Holy Spirit
points in the Song of Songs, in the person of our Lord, saying, 'My dove, my
spotless one, is but one; she is the only one of her mother, elect of her that
bare her.' (Cant. vi.9)".<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cyprian loved the Church and the idea of the church. To him the
Church was a unified, righteous, universal body that could not be divided. This
body finds unity through the fellowship and mutual recognition of bishops.
Therefore, a bishop is no longer to be recognized as legitimate if he betrays
the faith. Tilley said, "He even advised Spanish Christians in 254 that it
was right for them to separate themselves from their bishops who had
apostatized: 'The people should not flatter themselves… reject the
unworthy."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
On the other hand Eric Rebillard showed that Tertullian believed that
catechumens and deniers may be part of the church.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Donatus did not support Caecilian because Donatus believed
Felix was a <i>traditore.</i> There were six bishops who either yielded to
persecution or lied to escape the punishment of persecution.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This is a problem for the holiness of church, leading to a question of the
legitimacy of the church.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">When Cyprian was alive, persecution was common. <i>Traditores</i>
and others who apostatized, <i>lapsi</i>, would still be subject to future
persecution. Hans Lietzmann said, "Any man who urged that he should be
received back (into church fellowship) had the opportunity every day of
appearing before the rulers of the state and becoming a martyr; in this way he
could reverse his backsliding."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
After the persecution the church had to deal with <i>lapsi</i> who could not
redeem themselves through persecution. In addition to the <i>lapsi</i>, <i>traditores</i>
were performing the sacraments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cyprian said, "…He that leaves the church of Christ
attains not to Christ's rewards. He is an alien, an outcast and an enemy. He
cannot have God for his father who has not the church for his mother."<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The reason for wanting to know if the church is legitimate was tied to the
legitimacy of the sacraments. Legitimate sacraments were seen as part of how
God saved. Therefore, the <i>lapsi</i> issue is not merely an issue of who
belongs in the church, but it has eternal consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Donatists, as seen in Parmenian, taught that God gave <i>dotes</i>
to the church. The <i>dotes</i> are spiritual gifts that empower church
leaders. These <i>dotes</i> are legitimate because they were from the true
church. Augustine represented the Catholic position. Neither the sacrament, the
<i>dotes</i>, the minister nor the church grant the grace. Instead God is the
source of all grace.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thomas Oden has helped the church by trying to bring the
wisdom of the early church to current contexts. His paleo-orthodoxy brings the
church to listen to the historical witness. The problem with history for
theology is that history is not clean. Though historians may want to make one
side in a conflict appear to be the hero and the other the villain, or try to
make the reader identify with a particular religious tradition in history, this
will not do.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Donatists were not, as a whole, great defenders of
religious liberty and justification by faith alone. The Donatist stance on
re-admittance of laity and clergy does not reflect Carroll's vision of a church
which believes in the Baptist doctrine of perseverance of the saints. Carroll
was correct in seeing the need to link the modern church to the church Jesus
founded.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Donatist controversies therefore should lead to
reflection within the modern church. Racism and economic injustice may impact
the way the church tries to reach those who are lost. Non-Catholics need to
examine the meaning of unity of the church. The early church seemed to view
institutional unity as a vital component of the true church. The church also
needs to examine how salvation works in the lives of the individuals. If
nothing else, the Donatist controversy clearly shows that the doctrine of
salvation is corporate and individual and that the history of the church is messy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Translation of the Bible is the author's unless otherwise noted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#4, p. 9]" \*
MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Jeffrey A. Waldrop, “St. Augustine’s Doctrine for
Understanding Schismatic Heresy and His Political Position Concerning the
Donatists: A Question of Ecclesiastical Discipline or an Example of Roman
Imperialism in North Africa?” (Th.M. Thesis, Golden Gate Baptist Theological
Seminary, 2006), 9<!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#3, p. 87]" \*
MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Scott C. Harris, “The Dark Side of Suffering: Persecution
As a Schismatic Source in the Early Church” (Th. M. Thesis, Golden Gate Baptist
Theological Seminary, 2000), 87<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#5, p. 87]" \*
MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Thomas C. Oden, <i>Early Libyan Christianity: Uncovering
a North African Tradition</i> (Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic, 2011), 87<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#10, p. 24]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Optatus, <i>Optatus, Against the Donatists</i>, ed. Mark
Edwards (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press, 1997), 24<!--[if supportFields]><span
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#10, p. 24]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Ibid.<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 200%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#10, p. 25]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Ibid., 25<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn8">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="line-height: 200%;">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a> D. F. Watson, “Roman Empire,” <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#9, p. 975]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--> <i>Dictionary of
New Testament Background</i>, Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. Porter, eds. (Downers
Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2000) 975<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-language:HE'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#8, p. 27]" \*
MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">W. H. C. Frend, <i>The Donatist Church: A Movement of
Protest in Roman North Africa</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952), 27</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#8, p. 173]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid., 173</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#14, p. 25]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maureen A. Tilley, <i>The Bible in Christian North
Africa: The Donatist World</i> (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997), 25</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#12, book 6, ch.
2]" \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aurelius Augustinus, </span><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Confessions</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
Fathers of the Church 21, translated by Vernon J. Bourke (New York : Catholic
University of America Press, 1953</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 131, book
6 ch. 2
http://library.ggbts.edu:2083/lib/ggbts/detail.action?docID=10383925&token=6010fdaf-61ff-4e9f-9b21-170ee8dd6931<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#14, p. 94]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tilley, <i>The Bible in Christian North Africa: The
Donatist World</i>,<i> </i>94</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#6, p. 20-21]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">John Anthony Corcoran, “Augustinus Contra Donatistas” (</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Donaldson, Ind:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Graduate Theological Foundation, 1997), 20-21</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tilley, <i>The Bible in Christian North Africa: The
Donatist World</i></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span> MERGEFIELD
"LMW.CITE=[Tilley, p. 95]" \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 95</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn16">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#13, p. 79]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Henry Scowcroft Bettenson and Chris Maunder, <i>Documents
of the Christian Church</i>, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999),
79</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <a href="http://library.ggbts.edu:2083/lib/ggbts/detail.action?docID=10464201"></a>.
c.f. Cyprian, "The Unity of the Church, " in <i>Treatises</i>.
Fathers of the Church 36, translated by Roy J. Deferrari (New York : Catholic
University of America Press, 1953), 99. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#13, p. 79]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tilley, <i>The Bible in Christian North Africa: The
Donatist World</i></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span> MERGEFIELD
"LMW.CITE=[Tilley, p. 29]" \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 29</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#11, p. 11]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Éric Rebillard, <i>Christians and Their Many Identities
in Late Antiquity, North Africa, 200-450 CE</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 2012), 11</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#8, p. 27]" \*
MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Frend, <i>The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in
Roman North Africa</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span> MERGEFIELD
"LMW.CITE=[#8, p. 5]" \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 5</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MERGEFIELD "LMW.CITE=[#1, p. 302]"
\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hans Lietzmann, <i>The Founding of the Church Universal</i>
(London: Lutterworth, 1950), 302</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Henry Scowcroft Bettenson and Chris Maunder, <i>Documents
of the Christian Church</i></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span> MERGEFIELD
"LMW.CITE=[#13, p. 80]" \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 80</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
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style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Jonathan%20McCormick/Documents/church%20history/Patristics/Donatism%20in%20North%20Africa%20upload.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tilley, <i>The Bible in Christian North Africa: The
Donatist World</i></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
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"LMW.CITE=[Tilley, p. 103]" \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 103</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Timeline</span></span></div>
</h1>
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<div id="ftn23">
<div class="WordSection1">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">310 BCE-- Agathocles' takes Utica and Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2/3 of the wheat was taken each year to Rome
during the occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">149-146 BCE-- Third Punic War and fall of
Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">240-275 CE-- Decline of Saturn worship<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">245-- Cyprian wrote to Donatus about Baptism<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">248-- Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">250-251-- Dician Persecution<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">253-- Mauretanian revolt of 253<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">295-- Martyrdom of Maximilian of Theveste<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">303-305 Persecution under Diocletian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">May 19 303 Diocletian's edict concerning the
surrender of Christian Scriptures, registration of Church property and
destruction of churches.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">304- Outward sign of loyalty to the emperor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">305-- Council of Cirta<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4 surrendered Bibles, one destroyed a copy of
the Gospels, one pretended to be blind.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Consecration of Silvanus as bishop<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">293-306 Constantus Father of Constantine was
peaceful toward Christians. He allowed no executions of Christians. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">First as Caesar, then as Augustus while
Diocletian was in the east.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">310-- Constantine Became Augustus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">311-- Maxentius summons Felix<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mensurius goes on Felix the deacon's behalf and
receives promises of toleration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Felix of Aptunga consecrated Caecilian with
two other bishops.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Felix is accused of being a <i>traditor.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">312-- Battle of Milvain Bridge at Rome
Constantine defeats Maxentius.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Autumn-- Secundus called a council which
condemned Caecilian as having an illegitimate ordination.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">January 313-- Edict of Milan offering religious
liberty to Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Majorinus appointed bishop instead of
Caecilian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">First Roman Synod called over Caecilian with 10
bishops from each side.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Majorinus' likely death<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">313-- Election of Donatus of Casae Nigra<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">October Pope Miltiades pronounced Donatus
guilty of re-baptizing clergy and forming schism. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">314-- Council of Arles called by Constantine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Proposal of New bishops.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Feb. 15 Trial of Felix. Found not guilty of <i>traditon.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">315-316-- Riots in Carthage <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">316-- Caecilian tried for a third time and
found innocent<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">317-- Constantine confiscates Donatist churches<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Edict decreeing death penalty on anyone interrupting
the peace.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">March 12, 317. Constantine takes the Donatist
held church building in Carthage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">May 5, 321-- Constantine grants freedom to
worship to the Donatists<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">324-- Licinius is defeated by Crispus,
Constantine's son.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nicea prevents Constantine from sending bishops
to Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">February 5, 330-- Constantine wrote a letter
supporting Caecilian<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">346-- Donatus asks Constans to be sole bishop
of Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">347-8-- Constans seized Donatist churches and
exiled bishops<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">355-- Death of Donatus of Casae Nigra<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">372-- Donatists support Firmus' revolt.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">393-412-- Augustine's anti-Donatist writings<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">393--Hippo-Regius Council<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">391-398-- Revolt of Optatus and Gildo governor
of Africa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">391-- Origin <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">397-- Against the Heretic Donatus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">400-- Closing of the pagan shrines in Africa by
the Empire<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">401-- Election of Innocent<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Crispinus, Donatist of Calama held responsible
for attack on Possidius<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5th and 6th council of Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">402-- Goths defeated in Italy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Death of Symmachus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">403-- Bishop of Bagai wounded by Donatists<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">404-- Bishop of Bagai petitions for assistance
against the Donatists<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Augustine applies to Caecilian for protection
against the Donatists<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">405-- Edict of Unity against the Donatists<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Donatism declared heretical.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">10th Council of Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">407-- Usurpation of Constantine III<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">409-- Donatists enjoy toleration<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Macrobius returns to Hippo<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">410-- Sack of Rome by Alaric.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Roman Refugees to Africa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Call fore conference in Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">May 25 to June 26, 411-- Conference of Carthage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marcellinus gives his judgment against
Donatists<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">January 30, 412-- edict banning Donatism<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">413-- Revolt of Heraclian<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Augustine attempts to save Marcellinus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Defeat of Heraclian<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Execution of Marcellinus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">417-- Innocent Condemns Pelagius<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Election of Zosimus and her writes to the
African bishops<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">418-- Election of Boniface<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">420-- Gaudentius threatens suicide and
destruction of congregation and building on Dulcitius' arrival.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rogatists end when Vincintus Victor returns to
the Catholic Church<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">424-- Eraculius builds memorial to St. Stephen
at Hippo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">426-- Death of Severus of Milevis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">427-- Revolt of Boniface<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">429-- Darius attempts to reconcile Boniface and
the Empress<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">430-- Vandal invasion of Numidia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">596-- Last record about the Donatists Pope
Gregory's letter to Emperor Maurice about the growth of Donatism in Numidia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">698-- Muslim Conquest</span></span></div>
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Jonathan McCormickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14972224511904603280noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2778726027955818757.post-29583149112875769792015-01-16T16:30:00.002-08:002015-07-13T11:23:48.580-07:00My task list vs. my job<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the great questions of
philosophy is the relationship between the one and the many. This is also the
conflict between the universal and the particular. This has real practical
importance in how you understand life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Every day I go into work and perform
a set of tasks. These include turning on the lights, checking in books,
switching the server tape back-up, sending reminder emails, and requesting and
supplying interlibrary loan. I can add more to this task list, but the task
list is not my job.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instead, my job is to help fulfill
the mission of the library through circulation services. The Library’s mission
is to instruct, facilitate, and mentor individuals to develop personal learning
environments, find and evaluate information they need to thrive, and empower
themselves to be lifelong learners. This mission provides information literacy
instruction. Information literacy is my job, as a component of theological
education and spiritual formation. Information literacy provides the ability to
move from a lack of knowledge to competency to express previously unknown
knowledge or skills to others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Everything I do should relate back
to <i>telos,</i> the goal, not merely checking items of a list. There are four
components of information literacy according to the <a href="http://acrl.ala.org/ilstandards/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Framework-for-IL-for-HE-draft-3.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Framework for Information Literacy for
Higher Education</span></a> by the Association of College and Research
Libraries (ACRL). This organization defines information literacy as:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A spectrum
of abilities, practices, and habits of mind that extends and deepens learning
through engagement with the information ecosystem. It includes </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">understanding essential concepts
about that ecosystem; </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engaging in creative inquiry and
critical reflection to develop questions and to find, evaluate, and manage
information through an iterative process;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">creating new knowledge through
ethical participation in communities of learning, scholarship, and civic
purpose; and</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adopting a strategic view of the
interests, biases, and assumptions present in the information ecosystem. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I will come back to information
literacy in another post, but it is easy to confuse a task list with a job. When
the task is separated from the job, the task becomes irrelevant. The task list
can easily appear to be the job. The particulars can envelop and obscure the universal.</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Jonathan McCormickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14972224511904603280noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2778726027955818757.post-13857141101276768932014-12-19T18:21:00.000-08:002015-07-13T11:01:50.121-07:00Acknowleding Eusebius?Names have significance, especially for publications. Names express intent and set the tone for the remainder of the document, blog, book, or journal. The name of this blog comes from <a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.v.iii.i.html?highlight=acknowledge,eusebius#highlight" target="_blank">Ernest Cushing Richardson's translation of Jerome's <i>Lives of Illustrious Men</i>,</a><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="c54" id="v.iii.i-p2.1">But their situation and mine is
not the same, for they, opening the old histories and chronicles could
as if gathering from some great meadow, weave some
small crown at least for their work. As for me, what shall I do,
who, having no predecessor, have, as the saying is, the worst
possible master, namely myself, and yet I must<span style="background-color: white;"> <a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.v.iii.i.html?highlight=acknowledge,eusebius#highlight" id="highlight" name="highlight"></a><span id="searchHighlight">acknowledge</span> that <span id="searchHighlight">Eusebius</span>
</span> Pamphilus in the ten books of his Church History has been of the
utmost assistance, and the works of various among those of whom we
are to write, often testify to the dates of their authors. </span></blockquote>
As someone who is part of the free-church expression of Christianity, I recognize there is a tendency for me to think that I have no predecessor. Challenges to Christian thought and practice seem novel. This apparently is not new. Jerome felt alone in relaying historical biography of those in Christian history before him. Yet he is not alone.<br />
<br />
Thomas Oden believes that part of the problem within modern Christian theology comes from a desire for novelty over continuity with Christian tradition. (After Modernity… What?: Agenda for Theology, rev. ed., Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books, 1990, 22) This desire for novelty fails to acknowledge the illustrious men and women in the history of Christianity. The goal of this blog will reflect on the following issues:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>continuity and discontinuity within the Christian tradition,</li>
<li>matters of importance to historical research within the Christian tradition,</li>
<li>discussion of genetic patterns within Christian thought,</li>
<li>proper research, information literacy, and attribution of ideas, and </li>
<li>general issues related to theology, Christian history, and theological librarianship. </li>
</ol>
Jonathan McCormickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14972224511904603280noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2778726027955818757.post-67215582740432384702014-09-26T22:04:00.000-07:002014-09-26T22:04:56.430-07:00Close down the Libraries?I have been asked by multiple people, why can't the Library be digital. This question comes in many forms. The following article asks the same basic question:<br />
http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2014/07/18/close-the-libraries-and-buy-everyone-an-amazon-kindle-unlimited-subscription/<br />
<br />
Mr. Worstall asks a very good question. His question is more relevant to public libraries rather than academic libraries, but the question comes back to a definition of terms. With all due respect to Mr. Worstall's reasoning, he has made a category error.<br />
<br />
According to Richard Rubin, libraries have seven values: "Service, reading and the book are important, Respect for truth and search for truth, tolerance, the public good, justice, and aesthetics."(Foundations of Library and Information Science, 3rd. ed., pg 405) I am not convinced that Amazon has the same set of values of librarianship. <br />
<br />
The reason that Mr. Worstall has identified an organization that does not have the same values comes from the fact that Amazon is offering a collection of books rather than a library. In this article, he identifies Bath as his home library. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/libraries-and-archives/library-locations-opening-times-and-information/enquiry-centre<br />
<br />
Mr. Worstall's home library provides arbitration services, hosts book clubs, and provides an archive for historical community information. Amazon does not, and cannot do these things. Amazon does not have antiquarian or archival sensibilities, as evidenced in the following story. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html?_r=0<br />
<br />
Additionally, the number of books in a collection is a bad metric of usability of the library. The number of books in a library does not matter, if they are the wrong books. http://online.wsj.com/articles/why-the-public-library-beats-amazonfor-now-1407863714<br />
<br />
A library is more than a collection of books. It has an aesthetic, a philosophy, a mission.Jonathan McCormickhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14972224511904603280noreply@blogger.com0